An interest in shorthand or "short-writing" developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588, Timothy Bright published his Characterie; An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word. Bright's book was followed by a number of others, including Peter Bales' The Writing Schoolemaster in 1590, John Willis's Art of Stenography in 1602, Edmond Willis's An abbreviation of writing by character in 1618, and Thomas Shelton's Short Writing in 1626 (later re-issued as Tachygraphy).
The new sokki were used to transliterate popular vernacular story-telling theater (yose) of the day. This led to a thriving industry of sokkibon (shorthand books). The ready availability of the stories in book form, and higher rates of literacy (which the very industry of sokkibon may have helped create, due to these being oral classics that were already known to most people) may also have helped kill the yose theater, as people no longer needed to see the stories performed in person to enjoy them. Sokkibon also allowed a whole host of what had previously been mostly oral rhetorical and narrative techniques into writing, such as imitation of dialect in conversations (which can be found back in older gensaku literature; but gensaku literature used conventional written language in between conversations, however).[27]
Hindi Shorthand Learning Book Pdf Free 17
NLP can be used to interpret free, unstructured text and make it analyzable. There is a tremendous amount of information stored in free text files, such as patients' medical records. Before deep learning-based NLP models, this information was inaccessible to computer-assisted analysis and could not be analyzed in any systematic way. With NLP analysts can sift through massive amounts of free text to find relevant information.
Capital letters are not really an aspect of punctuation, but it is convenient to dealwith them here. The rules for using them are mostly very simple.(a) The first word of a sentence, or of a fragment, begins with a capital letter:The bumbling wizard Rincewind is Pratchett's most popular character.Will anyone now alive live to see a colony on the moon? Probably not.Distressingly few pupils can locate Iraq or Japan on a map of theworld.(b) The names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, arewritten with a capital letter:Next Sunday France will hold a general election.Mozart was born on 27 January, 1756.Football practice takes place on Wednesdays and Fridays.However, the names of seasons are not written with a capital:Like cricket, baseball is played in the summer.Do not write *"... in the Summer".(c) The names of languages are always written with a capital letter. Be carefulabout this; it's a very common mistake.Juliet speaks English, French, Italian and Portuguese.I need to work on my Spanish irregular verbs.Among the major languages of India are Hindi, Gujarati and Tamil.These days, few students study Latin and Greek.Note, however, that names of disciplines and school subjects are notcapitalized unless they happen to be the names of languages:I'm doing A-levels in history, geography and English.Newton made important contributions to physics and mathematics.She is studying French literature.(d) Words that express a connection with a particular place must be capitalizedwhen they have their literal meanings. So, for example, French must becapitalized when it means `having to do with France':The result of the French election is still in doubt.The American and Russian negotiators are close to agreement.There are no mountains in the Dutch landscape.She has a dry Mancunian sense of humour.(The word Mancunian means `from Manchester'.) However, it is not necessary to capitalize these words when they occuras parts of fixed phrases and don't express any direct connection with therelevant places:Please buy some danish pastries.In warm weather, we keep our french windows open.I prefer russian dressing on my salad.Why the difference? Well, a danish pastry is merely a particular sort of pastry;it doesn't have to come from Denmark. Likewise, french windows are merely aparticular kind of window, and russian dressing is just a particular variety ofsalad dressing. Even in these cases, you can capitalize these words if you wantto, as long as you are consistent about it. But notice how convenient it can be to make the difference:In warm weather, we keep our french windows open.After nightfall, French windows are always shuttered.In the first example, french windows just refers to a kind of window; in thesecond, French windows refers specifically to windows in France.(e) In the same vein, words that identify nationalities or ethnic groups must becapitalized:The Basques and the Catalans spent decades struggling for autonomy.The Serbs and the Croats have become bitter enemies.Norway's most popular singer is a Sami from Lapland.(An aside: some ethnic labels which were formerly widely used are nowregarded by many people as offensive and have been replaced by other labels. Thus, careful writers use Black, not Negro; native American, not Indian or redIndian; native Australian, not Aborigine. You are advised to follow suit.)(f) Formerly, the words black and white, when applied to human beings, werenever capitalized. Nowadays, however, many people prefer to capitalize thembecause they regard these words as ethnic labels comparable to Chinese orIndian:The Rodney King case infuriated many Black Americans.You may capitalize these words or not, as you prefer, but be consistent. (g) Proper names are always capitalized. A proper name is a name or a title thatrefers to an individual person, an individual place, an individual institution or anindividual event. Here are some examples:The study of language was revolutionized by Noam Chomsky.The Golden Gate Bridge towers above San Francisco Bay.There will be a debate between Professor Lacey and Doctor Davis.The Queen will address the House of Commons today.Many people mistakenly believe that Mexico is in South America.My friend Julie is training for the Winter Olympics.Next week President Clinton will be meeting Chancellor Kohl.Observe the difference between the next two examples:We have asked for a meeting with the President.I would like to be the president of a big company.In the first, the title the President is capitalized because it is a title referring to aspecific person; in the second, there is no capital, because the word presidentdoes not refer to anyone in particular. (Compare We have asked for a meetingwith President Wilson and *I would like to be President Wilson of a bigcompany.) The same difference is made with some other words: we write theGovernment and Parliament when we are referring to a particular government ora particular parliament, but we write government and parliament when we areusing the words generically. And note also the following example:The patron saint of carpenters is Saint Joseph.Here Saint Joseph is a name, but patron saint is not and gets no capital. There is a slight problem with the names of hazily defined geographicalregions. We usually write the Middle East and Southeast Asia, because theseregions are now regarded as having a distinctive identity, but we write centralEurope and southeast London, because these regions are not thought of ashaving the same kind of identity. Note, too, the difference between SouthAfrica (the name of a particular country) and southern Africa (a vaguely definedregion). All I can suggest here is that you read a good newspaper and keepyour eyes open. Observe that certain surnames of foreign origin contain little words thatare often not capitalized, such as de, du, da, von and van. Thus we writeLeonardo da Vinci, Ludwig van Beethoven, General von Moltke and Simone deBeauvoir. On the other hand, we write Daphne Du Maurier and Dick VanDyke, because those are the forms preferred by the owners of the names. When in doubt, check the spelling in a good reference book. A few people eccentrically prefer to write their names with no capitalletters at all, such as the poet e. e. cummings and the singer k. d. lang. Thesestrange usages should be respected.(h) The names of distinctive historical periods are capitalized:London was a prosperous city during the Middle Ages.Britain was the first country to profit from the Industrial Revolution.The Greeks were already in Greece during the Bronze Age.(i) The names of festivals and holy days are capitalized:We have long breaks at Christmas and Easter.During Ramadan, one may not eat before sundown.The feast of Purim is an occasion for merrymaking.Our church observes the Sabbath very strictly.The children greatly enjoy Hallowe'en.(j) Many religious terms are capitalized, including the names of religions and oftheir followers, the names or titles of divine beings, the titles of certainimportant figures, the names of important events and the names of sacredbooks:An atheist is a person who does not believe in God.The principal religions of Japan are Shinto and Buddhism.The Indian cricket team includes Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Parsees.The Lord is my shepherd.The Prophet was born in Mecca.The Last Supper took place on the night before the Crucifixion.The Old Testament begins with Genesis.Note, however, that the word god is not capitalized when it refers to a pagandeity:Poseidon was the Greek god of the sea.(k) In the title or name of a book, a play, a poem, a film, a magazine, anewspaper or a piece of music, a capital letter is used for the first word and forevery significant word (that is, a little word like the, of, and or in is notcapitalized unless it is the first word):I was terrified by The Silence of the Lambs.The Round Tower was written by Catherine Cookson.Bach's most famous organ piece is the Toccata and Fugue in DMinor.I don't usually like Cher, but I do enjoy The Shoop Shoop Song.Important note: The policy just described is the one most widely used in theEnglish-speaking world. There is, however, a second policy, preferred bymany people. In this second policy, we capitalize only the first word of a titleand any words which intrinsically require capitals for independent reasons. Using the second policy, my examples would look like this:I was terrified by The silence of the lambs.The round tower was written by Catherine Cookson.Bach's most famous organ piece is the Toccata and fugue in Dminor.I don't usually like Cher, but I do enjoy The shoop shoop song.You may use whichever policy you prefer, so long as you are consistent aboutit. You may find, however, that your tutor or your editor insists upon one orthe other. The second policy is particularly common (though not universal) inacademic circles, and is usual among librarians; elsewhere, the first policy isalmost always preferred.(l) The first word of a direct quotation, repeating someone else's exact words,is always capitalized if the quotation is a complete sentence:Thomas Edison famously observed "Genius is one per cent inspirationand ninety-nine per cent perspiration."But there is no capital letter if the quotation is not a complete sentence:The Minister described the latest unemployment figures as"disappointing".(m) The brand names of manufacturers and their products are capitalized:Maxine has bought a second-hand Ford Escort.Almost everybody owns a Sony Walkman.Note: There is a problem with brand names which have become so successfulthat they are used in ordinary speech as generic labels for classes of products. The manufacturers of Kleenex and Sellotape are exasperated to find peopleusing kleenex and sellotape as ordinary words for facial tissues or sticky tape ofany kind, and some such manufacturers may actually take legal action againstthis practice. If you are writing for publication, you need to be careful aboutthis, and it is best to capitalize such words if you use them. However, whenbrand names are converted into verbs, no capital letter is used: we write Shewas hoovering the carpet and I need to xerox this report, even though themanufacturers of Hoover vacuum cleaners and Xerox photocopiers don't muchlike this practice, either.(n) Roman numerals are usually capitalized:It is no easy task to multiply LIX by XXIV using Roman numerals.King Alfonso XIII handed over power to General Primo de Rivera.The only common exception is that small Roman numerals are used to numberthe pages of the front matter in books; look at almost any book.(o) The pronoun I is always capitalized:She thought I'd borrowed her keys, but I hadn't. It is possible to write an entire word or phrase in capital letters in orderto emphasize it:There is ABSOLUTELY NO EVIDENCE to support this conjecture.On the whole, though, it is preferable to express emphasis, not with capitalletters, but with italics. It is not necessary to capitalize a word merely because there is only onething it can possibly refer to:The equator runs through the middle of Brazil.Admiral Peary was the first person to fly over the north pole.The universe is thought to be about 15 billion years old.Here the words equator, north pole and universe need no capitals, because theyaren't strictly proper names. Some people choose to capitalize them anyway;this is not wrong, but it's not recommended. Capital letters are also used in writing certainabbreviations and relatedtypes of words, including the abbreviated names of organizations andcompanies, and in letterwriting and in the headings of essays. There is one other rather rare use of capital letters which is worthexplaining if only to prevent you from doing it by mistake when you don'tmean to. This to poke fun at something. Here is an example:The French Revolution was a Good Thing at first, but Napoleon's riseto power was a Bad Thing.Here the writer is making fun of the common tendency to see historical eventsin simple-minded terms as either good or bad. Another example:Many people claim that rock music is Serious Art, deserving of SeriousCritical Attention.The writer is clearly being sarcastic: all those unusual capital letters demonstratethat he considers rock music to be worthless trash. This stylistic device is only appropriate in writing which is intended tobe humorous, or at least light-hearted; it is quite out of place in formal writing. The use of unnecessary capital letters when you're trying to be seriouscan quickly make your prose look idiotic, rather like those content-free booksthat fill the shelves of the "New Age" section in bookshops:Your Eidetic Soul is linked by its Crystal Cord to the Seventh Circle ofthe Astral Plane, from where the Immanent Essence istransmitted to your Eidetic Aura,...You get the idea. Don't use a capital letter unless you're sure you know whyit's there.Summary of Capital Letters: Capitalize the first word of a sentence or fragment the name of a day or a month the name of a language a word expressing a connection with a place the name of a nationality or an ethnic group a proper name the name of a historical period the name of a holiday a significant religious term the first word, and each significant word, of a title the first word of a direct quotation which is asentence a brand name a Roman numeral the pronoun I Copyright Larry Trask, 1997Maintained by the Department of Informatics, University of Sussex 2ff7e9595c
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